Two recent North Carolina Court of Appeals opinions help delineate when an officer has probable cause to believe a driver is driving while impaired. In each case, the court of appeals reversed the trial court’s determination that the officer lacked probable cause.
Tag Archives: retrograde extrapolation
I wrote in September 2015 that the court of appeals’ view of the admissibility of retrograde extrapolation under Daubert did not look much different from its take on the admissibility of that evidence under old Rule 702. As of yesterday, it does. The court of appeals in State v. Babich, __ N.C. App. __ (2017), changed the green light for retrograde extrapolation testimony in DWI cases to yellow. Continue reading →
Category: Evidence, Motor Vehicles | Tags: Daubert, DWI, expert, mata v. texas, retrograde extrapolation, Rule 702, state v. babich
The court of appeals gave the green light last week for law enforcement officers to continue to testify as scientific experts in DWI cases involving retrograde extrapolation–notwithstanding the legislature’s amendment of Rule 702 to adopt the Daubert standard. The court held in State v. Turbyfill that a field technician for the Forensic Test for Alcohol Branch of DHHS (FTA), who was trained as a law enforcement officer and chemical analyst (which authorized him to conduct implied consent testing on breath testing instruments), was properly allowed to testify about a retrograde extrapolation calculation he performed using an FTA form. The technician’s inability to explain whether the rate he used to make the calculation was an “average,” a “mid-point,” or a “conservative” rate—he used all three terms to describe it—did not disqualify him as an expert since he “provided the trial court with a list of some thirty-nine articles . . . regarding blood alcohol research,” and “with North Carolina cases in which this Court upheld the use of retrograde extrapolation to establish blood alcohol content.”
Continue reading →
Category: Evidence, Motor Vehicles | Tags: DWI, expert, retrograde extrapolation, Rule 702, state v. turbyfill
I wrote here about the court of appeals’ decision in State v. Davis, __ N.C. App. __, 702 S.E.2d 507 (2010), granting the defendant a new trial on second degree murder, impaired driving and other charges arising from a fatal hit-and-run committed by the defendant after she had been drinking. Davis determined that expert testimony as to the defendant’s blood alcohol concentration at the time of the crash was improper and prejudicial where that testimony was founded solely on the odor of alcohol on defendant’s breath more than ten hours after the accident.
Some wondered whether Davis portended the court of appeals’ inclination to reconsider the propriety of expert testimony based upon retrograde extrapolation, a methodology used to estimate a person’s alcohol concentration at some earlier point in time based upon a later reported alcohol concentration. After all, courts in other states have viewed such testimony with skepticism. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in Mata v. Texas, 46 S.W.3d 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (en banc), summarized its view of the limitations of retrograde extrapolation as follows:
Initially, we recognize that even those who believe retrograde extrapolation is a reliable technique have utilized it only if certain factors are known, such as the length of the drinking spree, the time of the last drink, and the person’s weight. . . . In addition, there appears to be general disagreement on some of the fundamental aspects of the theory, such as the accuracy of Widmark’s formulas . . . whether a standard elimination rate can be reliably applied to a given subject . . . and the effect that food in the stomach has on alcohol absorption. . . . Nevertheless, given the studies, other concepts seem indisputable, including that multiple tests will increase the ability to plot a subject’s BAC curve, a test nearer in time to the time of the alleged offense increases the ability to determine the subject’s offense-time BAC, and the more personal information known about the subject increases the reliability of an extrapolation. . . . . We believe that the science of retrograde extrapolation can be reliable in a given case. The expert’s ability to apply the science and explain it with clarity to the court is a paramount consideration. In addition, the expert must demonstrate some understanding of the difficulties associated with a retrograde extrapolation. He must demonstrate an awareness of the subtleties of the science and the risks inherent in any extrapolation. Finally, he must be able to clearly and consistently apply the science.
Id. at 916-917. See also United States v. Dubois, 645 F.2d 642 (8th Cir. 1981) (evaluating sufficiency of the evidence, “emphasiz[ing] that this was a criminal trial,” and finding expert’s extrapolation based on a test taken two and one-half hours after the accident and after the undisputed consumption of an unknown amount of beer insufficient to establish intoxication at time of accident); A.W. Jones, Disposition and Fate of Ethanol in the Body, in Medical-Legal Aspects of Alcohol 95 (James C. Garriott ed., 4th ed. 2003) (“Requests to back extrapolate BAC from time of sampling to time of driving are common in DUI litigation although this is a dubious practice with many variables to consider.”); Cf. Weinstein v. Siemens, 2010 WL 4825205 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 22, 2010) (finding retrograde extrapolation testimony from expert with Ph.D. in toxicology admissible to prove driver’s alcohol concentration at the time of accident where expert relied on three consecutive blood draws to determine the driver’s rate of elimination and applied that rate in its extrapolation analysis to conclude that driver’s alcohol concentration was in the range of .36 to .39, depending upon whether his alcohol concentration was increasing or decreasing).
State v. Green, decided by the court of appeals March 1, 2011, indicates that any such reading of the tea leaves was inaccurate. The defendant in Green was charged with impaired driving based upon an accident that occurred in Raleigh around 8 p.m. on December 14, 2006. A witness who spoke to defendant at the scene through the passenger side window of her car reported that the defendant’s “‘eyes were kind of half shut and glazed looking, and he just said: Huuuuh?’” (Slip op. at 2.) The accident was reported via a 911 call at 8:06 p.m., but the defendant drove away before police arrived. A police officer went to defendant’s home at 9:38 p.m. The officer described defendant as “‘sluggish’” and “‘slow’” and said he could “‘smell the odor of mouthwash with a moderate to strong odor of alcohol coming through that.’” Id. The defendant first denied having had anything to drink, then said he had one glass of wine. Later the defendant said he had consumed five glasses of wine after arriving home at 7:15 p.m.
Defendant was arrested for driving while impaired. He submitted to a breath test at 11:28 p.m., which revealed an alcohol concentration of 0.19.
Paul Glover, head of the Forensic Tests for Alcohol branch of the State Department of Health and Human Services, testified at trial as an expert witness in physiology and pharmacology. Glover testified as to his calculation of defendant’s blood alcohol concentration (“BAC”) at 8:06 p.m.—the time of 911 call—based on the following factors: the breath test results, the time that had elapsed since the time of the call, “the rate at which a human body eliminates alcohol,” defendant’s size and gender, “and defendant’s assertions to Officer Larsen that he consumed as little as no alcohol to as much as five glasses of wine.”
Glover testified that that if defendant consumed no more alcohol after the 911 call, his alcohol concentration at 8:06 p.m. would have been 0.24. This sort of retrograde extrapolation testimony is akin to that approved in earlier North Carolina cases. See, e.g., State v. Taylor, 165 N.C. App. 750 (2004); State v. Catoe, 78 N.C. App. 167 (1985). That is, it is calculated from a single reading taken some hours after the incident, assuming an average elimination rate and that the defendant was in the elimination versus the absorption phase. The reliability of such a calculation may be questioned for the reasons noted in Mata, but its admission is consistent with state precedent.
Glover further testified that, presuming defendant had one glass of wine after 8:06 p.m., his BAC at the time of the accident was 0.23. And, if the defendant drank, as he claimed, five glasses of wine (assuming 5-ounce glasses and 12 percent alcohol) after the accident, his BAC at 8:06 p.m. was 0.19. Finally, Glover testified that assuming defendant drank no alcohol before 8:06 p.m., he would have to have consumed 88 ounces of wine (again assuming 5 ounce glasses and 12 percent alcohol) by 9:38 p.m. to have reached a BAC of 0.19. This calculation requires estimation of the rate at which the defendant’s body absorbed alcohol, a rate that depends upon many factors, including the speed with which alcohol is consumed and whether the defendant had an empty stomach. See this post and Jones, supra, at 51 (noting that the “variable factors involved in the disposition of ethanol in the body . . . make it easy to appreciate the reason for large inter- and intra-individual variations in the BAC profiles observed in experimental studies”).
Given our appellate courts’ continued endorsement of expert testimony based on retrograde extrapolation and related theories, I wonder what the best defense strategies are for pointing out the limitations of the methodology. Is cross-examination alone adequate or does this call for a battle of the experts?
Category: Evidence, Motor Vehicles, Uncategorized | Tags: DWI, glover, green, impaired driving, retrograde extrapolation
The Court of Appeals decided State v. Davis, 208 N.C. App. 26 (2010), last week, granting the defendant a new trial on second-degree murder, impaired driving and other charges arising from a fatal hit-and-run committed by the defendant after she had been drinking. While several aspects of the court’s opinion are noteworthy, this post focuses on the court’s determination that expert testimony as to the defendant’s blood alcohol concentration at the time of the crash was improper and prejudicial, where that testimony was founded solely on the fact that an officer who talked to the defendant more than ten hours after the accident smelled alcohol on her breath.
A tragic sequence of events recounted in the court’s opinion resulted in several individuals standing over the double yellow line on a narrow bridge at 9:30 p.m. in Gaston County on August 7, 2008. The defendant drove upon the scene shortly after leaving a bar where she had been drinking. She struck four of the people with her car, seriously injuring three of them and killing the fourth. The defendant fled the scene, later admitting that she knew she had hit something, but that she did not stop because her license was revoked.
Defendant learned after the accident that the police wanted to speak to her. She appeared at the Belmont police department at 8 a.m. next morning, where she met with Sergeant Spry. Spry testified that defendant’s clothes were in disarray and that he could smell alcohol on her breath. Defendant told Spry she had spent the night with a friend and had drunk vodka after the accident. Spry did not administer a blood or breath test to determine the defendant’s alcohol concentration that morning. Four days later, he asked the defendant to submit to a blood test, and she did so. The results were negative for drugs or alcohol.
Defendant was indicted for second degree murder, two counts of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, driving while impaired, two counts of felony hit and run, reckless driving, and driving while license revoked.
At trial, the state called Paul Glover, head of the Forensic Tests for Alcohol branch of the State’s Department of Health and Human Services, as an expert witness. Glover testified that using retrograde extrapolation he was able to determine the defendant’s alcohol concentration at the time of the accident based on the fact that Spry smelled alcohol on the defendant’s breath the day after the accident. Retrograde extrapolation is a methodology used to estimate a person’s alcohol concentration at some earlier point in time based upon a later reported alcohol concentration. The calculation of a person’s earlier alcohol concentration is based upon the time that elapsed between the specified earlier event (such as a vehicle crash) and the time of the chemical analysis and the average rate of elimination of alcohol from a person’s blood. North Carolina’s appellate courts have, on numerous occasions, recognized retrograde extrapolation as a reliable method of proving a person’s alcohol concentration. See, e.g., State v. Davis, 142 N.C. App. 81 (2001); State v. Catoe, 78 N.C. App. 167 (1985).
Astute readers, you already doubtless have noted the disconnect between the description of retrograde extrapolation provided above and the testimony provided in Davis. Retrograde extrapolation is based on a later reported alcohol concentration; yet, there was no reported alcohol concentration for the defendant in Davis.
So what alcohol concentration did Glover use as a starting point? He began with a 0.02 at 8:14 a.m. on August 8, 2008, reasoning that Spry’s detection of alcohol on defendant’s breath that morning meant that alcohol was still in her system. Glover explained that “‘look[ing] at some papers, some texts, where the concentration of alcohol that is detectable by the human nose has been measured[,]” the lowest alcohol concentration that is detectable by odor alone is 0.02. (Slip. op. at 7-8.) Glover further testified that the literature he relied upon suggested a range of possible alcohol concentration levels but that since he did not know the concentration, he used the lowest level detectable. He further assumed that the defendant had not consumed any alcohol after the accident (even though she told Spry she had), concluding that her blood alcohol concentration at the time of the crash was 0.18.
Recognizing its acceptance of Glover’s expertise in retrograde extrapolation in past cases, see State v. Corriher, 184 N.C. App. 168 (2007) (permissible for Glover to testify that a blood sample exposed to heat over 12 days might register a lower blood alcohol concentration than it would have at the time it was drawn), the court distinguished his analysis in Davis as involving a novel scientific theory. If reported opinions are the guide, the court’s characterization of the theory as novel hits the mark. My research failed to reveal any case relying on such an extrapolation. Indeed, an appellate court in Wisconsin, where driving with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.02 or more is a criminal violation if the person has three prior convictions for driving while impaired, has indicated that odor, standing alone, is insufficient even to establish probable cause for such an offense. See State v. Gantner, 2009 WL 260963 (Wis. App. Feb. 5, 2009) (unpublished op.). Because odor-extrapolation is a new theory, the court held that it had to be accompanied by sufficient indices of reliability to be admissible—a hurdle that the State failed to clear.
The court noted that Glover did not identify the literature he relied upon. And unlike the testimony in Corriher regarding a study Glover performed on alcohol concentrations in refrigerated and unrefrigerated blood samples, the results of which were “published to the scientific community in newsletters presented at scientific conferences,” there was no evidence in Davis that Glover had independently verified the odor analysis about which he testified or that his methodology was peer reviewed. Moreover, the court characterized Glover’s odor analysis as lacking any of the “rigorous standards” applied to chemical analyses of breath, blood and urine under G.S. 20-139.1. The court noted that “[t]here was no testimony showing how Sergeant Spry’s alcohol-detecting abilities were even remotely comparable to those of a trained operator using well-maintained and certified equipment pursuant to a DHHS-issued permit.” (Slip op. at 12.)
Thus, the court concluded that Glover’s retrograde extrapolation was not supported by a reliable method of proof and that the odor analysis was so unreliable that the trial court’ s decision to admit it was an abuse of discretion.
Because the trial court’s instructions to the jury regarding impaired driving and second-degree murder required the jury to determine whether the defendant had an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more at any relevant time after the driving, and Glover’s testimony was the only testimony as to the defendant’s alcohol concentration, its admission prejudiced the defendant, requiring a new trial on the second-degree murder and impaired driving charges.
It seems to me that the State could have attempted to prove the defendant’s alcohol concentration another less controversial way. Two bartenders testified that between 5 p.m. and 9:20 p. m. on the evening of the accident, they served defendant four beers and two liquor drinks containing Wild Turkey 101, and that defendant did not drink at least half of one of the beers. Given the court’s previous endorsement of expert testimony related to alcohol absorption and elimination rates, it seems a safe bet that a toxicologist or other medical expert could properly have testified to a range of blood alcohol concentrations likely to result from such consumption given the defendant’s weight and gender. I don’t know what the defendant weighed, and I’m not an expert in alcohol absorption. Perhaps the range would not have reached 0.08, though, of course, a 0.08 is not required to demonstrate impairment. (I’ll note that even given my lack of expertise, it strikes me as highly unlikely that consumption of this amount over this length of time would result in an alcohol concentration of 0.18.)
But no such expert was produced, and neither bartender said defendant was impaired. So, in addition to granting the defendant a new trial on the second-degree murder and impaired driving charges, the court granted the defendant a new trial on the charges of reckless driving and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, charges that required the jury to determine whether the defendant was impaired. The court reasoned that the State failed to prove impairment by any method other than Glover’s testimony as to the defendant’s alcohol concentration. The fact of the collision combined with the defendant’s drinking was insufficient to show that the defendant was driving while impaired as the people she struck were across the center line in her lane of travel and there was no other evidence of faulty driving.
The Davis court’s analysis of the admissibility of the defendant’s four prior impaired driving convictions also is noteworthy, but I’ll save that discussion for another post on another day.
Category: Evidence, Motor Vehicles, Uncategorized | Tags: bac, davis, glover, odor of alcohol, retrograde extrapolation
