Suppose the State is prosecuting a defendant for the sexual assault of a young child. Though the child has been identified by name in the arrest warrant and investigative reports provided to the defendant, the State would prefer not to name the victim in the indictment. May it refer to the victim in that document as “Victim #1”?
No.
The state supreme court held in State v. White, ___ N.C. ___, 827 S.E.2d 80 (May 10, 2019), that an indictment alleging a sex offense with a child under 13 must name the child. The White court determined that the phrase “Victim #1” did not name the child as the phrase did not distinguish the victim from other children or victims. And the court rejected the notion that the identification of the victim in other documents related to the case, including the arrest warrant and the original indictment, cured the flaw in the superseding indictment that referred to the minor victim only as “Victim #1.” A court may not, it explained, look to extrinsic evidence to supplement a missing or deficient allegation in an indictment.
A matter of statutory interpretation. The White court based its analysis on the short-form indictment provisions in G.S. 15-144.2(b), which expressly call for “naming the child.” G.S. 15-144.2(a) and (c) likewise require that indictments for other sex offenses name the victim. And a companion statute, G.S. 15-144.1, requires that short form indictments for rape state the name of the victim. Thus, under the rational in White, an indictment charging any rape or sexual offense must name the victim.
Public policy concerns. The court acknowledged the public policy concerns that led the State to omit the minor victim’s name: “Protecting a victim’s identity from the public increases privacy and safety,” Chief Justice Beasley wrote for the court, “and encourages overall reporting of sexual assaults.” ___ N.C. at ___; 827 S.E.2d at 84. Yet, the court deemed itself bound by existing statutes and saw the extension of privacy protections for victims as falling within the purview of the General Assembly. The court cited statutes from other states limiting the disclosure of information related to victims of sexual assault.
Two dissents. In a dissent joined by Justice Newby, Justice Morgan criticized the majority for placing the right of a criminal defendant to notice of the charges and the State’s desire to protect the identity of a minor victim of a sex crime on an “unnecessary collision course” through its “narrow and rigid interpretation” of the law. ___ N.C. at ___; 827 S.E.2d at 84 (Morgan, J., dissenting). Justice Morgan deemed the superseding indictment sufficient because it was filed in the same criminal case bearing the same file number as the warrant and original indictment, which stated the victim’s name, and the dismissal filed by the State expressly noted that the only substantive changes between the two charging instruments were a correction of the dates of the offenses and an increase in the level of the charged felony. Justice Newby wrote separately to note his dissent based on the rationale of the dissent in State v. Rankin, ___ N.C. ___, 821 S.E.2d 787 (2018) (Martin, C.J., dissenting) (discussing the progression of indictment jurisprudence and concluding that the Criminal Procedure act indicates that flaws in indictments should no longer be considered jurisdictional matters) (discussed in this blog post).
What are the State’s options for protecting the privacy of victims in sexual assault prosecutions? White makes clear that omitting the victim’s name altogether from the charging instrument will not suffice. What measures short of that might work?
Using initials. The State may consider using initials in place of a victim’s name. In State v. McKoy, 196 N.C. App. 650 (2009), the court of appeals rejected the defendant’s argument that the indictment charging him with rape and sexual offense was defective because it identified the victim only by her initials. The document named the victim by using her initials, the court reasoned, and it notified the defendant of the charges sufficiently to allow him to prepare a defense and to protect him from double jeopardy.
The court of appeals in White relied on McKoy in deeming the indictment in that case sufficient. But the state supreme court in White distinguished McKoy, nothing that “[e]ven if this Court decides that initials are sufficient to satisfy ‘naming the victim’ requirement, the indictment in this case is still insufficient,” as it did not name the child at all, but rather sought to conceal her identity. ___ N.C. at ___; 827 S.E.2d at 83.
Given the court of appeals opinion in McKoy, the State may choose in an appropriate case to identify a sexual assault victim by her initials. But the State should proceed with caution as the state supreme court made clear in White that it was not endorsing this approach. See also State v. Shuler, ___ N.C. App. ___, 822 S.E.2d 737 (Dec. 18, 2018) (noting that using the victim’s initials “may satisfy the ‘naming’ requirement”).
Sealing the indictment. The White court suggested another possibility: asking the court to seal the indictment to protect victim information from public inspection. My former colleague, Michael Crowell, wrote about access to court records here, noting that courts have inherent authority to seal documents when necessary to serve an overriding public interest. Sealing the entire indictment is a clumsy tool for protecting the victim’s privacy interests, particularly given that the public may have an interest in learning about the charges against the defendant, but the State may consider asking for this relief in an appropriate case.
Otherwise identifying the victim. There may be circumstances in which the State cannot ascertain the identity of a sexual assault victim. Suppose, for example, the defendant is discovered in the act of a sexual assault and the victim flees without identifying herself. Perhaps such a victim could be identified, or “named” by physical description in an indictment based upon all of the information known to the State.
How about a redacted public copy, and a sealed private original?
Seems like a lot of work to win a fatal defect argument, only to be prosecuted and convicted all over again. It does give you two bites at the apple, but also likely to draw the ire of the presiding judge. I always find it fascinating the amount of work involved in winning very technical arguments that have little to no chance in changing the ultimate outcome for the defendant. It reveals the ultimate incentive is the notoriety achieved for being responsible for substantive change or perhaps just the desire to disrupt the government’s ability to prosecute. For instance, the Rehaif v US case currently before the US Supreme Court has the potential to fundamentally change 922g prosecutions in regards to requiring that the government prove that the defendant had knowledge of their status (felon-exceeding one year, illegal alien, unlawful controlled substance user, domestic violence conviction unless you are in NC, etc). All of this work will not change the ultimate outcome for the defendant even if the USSC reverses the 11th circuit.
The best thing for him to do is to try to negotiate a plea deal. The State may not want to put the victim on the stand again and offer a more favorable bargain to him.
if they use initials for the “victim” they should use initials for the defendant who is presumed innocent. newspaper still take a very Victorian outlook by proudly proclaiming they don’t print the name of sex “victims” (even if everyone was drunk and they met at a wet t shirt contest) but are happy to print the name of the defendant. later when the case is dismissed or the charged person is found not guilty they don’t say anything about it. The Courts are a public open process.
This is a N.C. law I have a big problem with. I realize your Supreme Court feels the courts belong to the people and therefore so do it’s records. However, do you not have a responsibility to victims? Isn’t that the reason you exist in the first place? Why are your courts allowed to victimize a person a second time for being a victim in the first place? Why is it you can find a way to seal a politician or public officials name but not a child? First limit the number of people who actually see the name. Second don’t let a perpetrator get a way with using the no accuser technicality. Hold such cases in a restricted courtroom, together once or twice a month so you can limit documentation and keep names of minors sealed. I have come across so many crimes against minors in your state. It’s no wonder why! Perpetrators have a 50/50 head start of getting away with it because the crime may go unreported. Is it not a civic responsibility to not create other perpetrators? Read the statistics! You pass so many initiatives to protect children, then you turn around and victimize them yourselves. And you call that justice and in the public interest?