Jeff wrote here about State v. Fields, ___ N.C. App. ___ (March 6, 2012), a case in which the officer’s observation of the defendant’s vehicle as moving within its lane “like a ball bouncing in a small room” provided reasonable suspicion for a traffic stop that culminated in an impaired driving charge. Another recent court of appeals decision, State v. Friend, ___ N.C. App. ___ (2012) addresses a different kind of bouncing in connection with an impaired driving case, namely the bouncing of cases between district and superior courts and the effect it has on a defendant’s right to due process and a speedy trial.
The defendant in Friend initially was charged with impaired driving on March 7, 2006. The case was continued eleven times, several times based on the unavailability of the State’s witnesses and several times upon the defendant’s request. On July 18, 2007, the State again moved to continue on the basis that the arresting officer was not in court. When the district court judge denied the State’s motion, the state voluntarily dismissed the charge. Nine days later, the state filed new charges based on the same March 7, 2006 incident of impaired driving. The defendant filed a motion to dismiss, which was granted by the district court on October 24, 2007. The State appealed this ruling to the superior court, which remanded the matter for entry of a written order, which the district court judge entered on April 4, 2008. The district court concluded that “a dismissal pursuant to NCGS 15A-931, after the prosecution, in control of the calendar, called the case at its own discretion and asked the Court for a decision [on the] Motion to Continue, involved the inherent authority of the Court, and to exercise a dismissal and reinstatement based on the facts and history of the case . . . violates the separation of powers clause and intrudes upon the authority of the Court, and violates the equal protection and due process rights of the Defendant.” (Record on Appeal at 22.) The State again appealed to superior court. This time, the superior court reversed the district court’s order dismissing the case and remanded for trial. The defendant was convicted in district court of driving while impaired on April 13, 2009. He appealed to superior court for trial de novo and moved in that forum for dismissal of the charges. On February 15, 2010, the superior court denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss. Defendant was convicted in superior court on the impaired driving charges on February 17, 2010, nearly four years after the offense occurred.
The defendant argued on appeal that the State’s dismissal of the original charges following the district court’s denial of the State’s motion for a continuance violated the separation of powers provision of the state constitution; therefore, the defendant contended, the superior court erred in not dismissing the subsequent charges. The defendant argued that the district attorney was an executive branch official who was obligated to proceed with trial when the district court denied the State’s continuance motion. Allowing the State to voluntarily dismiss the charge allowed the executive branch to subvert the courts’ ultimate authority to manage its trial calendar, he contended. The appellate court disagreed on two alternative bases. First, the court cited Simeon v. Hardin, 339 N.C. 358 (1994), for the proposition that the district attorney is a judicial or quasi-judicial officer; thus, no separation of powers issue arises. Second, the court noted that Simeon deemed constitutional G.S. 15A-931’s allocation of the power to dismiss charges upon the district attorney and opined that, notwithstanding the dismissal, “[t]he trial court retained ultimate control over its calendar.” Slip op. at 5. Therefore, the court reasoned, even if two branches of government are at work in the setting of the trial calendar, the defendant’s separation of powers claim fails.
The court then addressed the defendant’s claims that the filing of the post-dismissal charges violated his rights to due process and a speedy trial. The time limitations imposed by the two-year statute of limitations applicable to misdemeanor criminal offenses was significant in the court’s rejection of both constitutional claims. With respect to the defendant’s due process claim, the court noted that G.S. 15A-931(b) provides that dismissal of a charge does not toll the statute of limitations. Thus, while the State’s dismissal in Friend did not preclude the filing of new charges, the statute of limitations set an outer time limit for when those charges could be filed. In the case of the Friend defendant, any misdemeanor charges arising from the March 7, 2006 incident had to be filed by March 7, 2008. Noting that the defendant failed to show bad faith on the part of the State or prejudice to his defense, the Friend court determined that the filing of a new charge within the statute of limitations did not violate due process.
The defendant further argued that the delay in his trial, which he characterized as running from the offense date until his conviction in superior court infringed upon his constitutional right to a speedy trial. Pursuant to the four-factor analysis established in Barker v. Wingo, 474 U.S. 514 (1972), for evaluating such a claim, the court first considered the length of the delay. The court noted that the additional factors—the reason for the delay, the defendant’s assertion of his right to a speedy trial, and prejudice to the defendant—only were considered if the delay was for a year or more. Given that the defendant in Friend made his sole speedy trial demand in superior court, the court computed the delay as consisting of the time that elapsed between the defendant’s appeal to superior court (April 13, 2009) and his trial in superior court (February 15, 2009). Because this period was less than one year, the court stated that it was unnecessary to consider additional factors.
Nevertheless, assuming for the sake of argument that the delay exceeded one year, the court applied the additional factors, and again concluded the defendant’s claim lacked merit. Even though the State’s dismissal resulted from its failure to procure witnesses in court on the day of trial, the court noted that more than half of the earlier continuances were granted at the defendant’s behest. The court considered the delays associated with the “bounc[ing] back and forth between District Court and Superior Court” based on the State’s appeal of the order dismissing the case and the recusal of the original district court judge to be neutral factors. Slip op. at 10. The court weighed against the defendant’s claim his failure to demand a speedy trial until nearly four years after the offense and a year after his conviction in district court. Finally, the court found that the defendant failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the delay. While the defendant argued that he suffered “‘anxiety and concern’ during the delay,” the court noted that the State filed the subsequent charge nine days after dismissing the original charge and “well within the two year statute of limitations for misdemeanors.” Slip op. at 12. The court considered the defendant’s anxiety as “limited by the statute of limitations” and determined that the prejudice factor weighed against the defendant’s claim. Id.
While Friend does not preclude or render without merit all constitutional challenges arising from the dismissal and re-filing of misdemeanor charges when the State is denied a desired continuance, it indicates that such claims are not likely to succeed absent extenuating circumstances such as bad faith or prejudice to the defendant. Thus, prosecutors can continue to tactically use the dismissal authority conferred by G.S. 15A-931 to circumvent the denial of a motion to continue in a misdemeanor prosecution. Friend suggests there is little risk that this dismissal and re-filing maneuver will be deemed to usurp the court’s ultimate authority to manage its trial calendar or to otherwise jeopardize prosecution on the re-filed charges.
State v. Katreina Sheppard (Forsyth County 11 CRS 057909 DWI) was dismissed in Superior Court by Judge Joseph Turner on Sixth Amendment speedy trial grounds in late February, 2012. The State gave notice of appeal to the Court of Appeals in the first week of March, 2012. The facts are very different from those in Friend, but the case did involve a dismissal of the original warrant and re-charge in a new warrant.